High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with relapse occurring in ~75% of patients despite initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy. The absence of reliable predictive biomarkers makes recurrence a major clinical challenge. The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex network of malignant and non-malignant cells, including immune populations, plays a key role in tumor progression and therapeutic response. Among immune components, B lymphocytes and mast cells, have gained growing attention for their multifaceted roles in cancer biology, although their contribution to ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize B cell phenotypes and investigate the functional involvement of mast cells within the HGSOC TME. We enrolled 31 patients and analyzed peritoneal biopsies through flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. In parallel, we examined blood samples via flow cytometry and conducted in vitro experiments using cancer cell lines. To further explore therapeutic responses and cellular interactions, we initiated the generation of patient-derived organoids for drug testing and coculture systems. Flow cytometry analyses revealed an enrichment of CD45+ immune cells, CD19+ B cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), along with a reduction in CD19+CD21+ B cells in tumor tissue compared to healthy controls, suggesting terminal differentiation and local immune exhaustion of B lymphocytes. Longitudinal analysis of matched samples before (t=0) and after treatment at interval debulking surgery (t=IDS) showed a partial recovery of memory and CD19+CD21+ B cells, indicative of possible functional reactivation. Stratification of patients based on clinical response to chemotherapy revealed that relapsing individuals displayed reduced CD45+ and CD19+ B cells infiltration, fewer ASCs, and a higher proportion of double negative B cells compared to responders, suggesting that early B cell profiles may correlate with clinical outcome. Further immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of B cells and T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) showed their colocalization in lymphoid aggregates both at t=0 and t=IDS. While no consistent variation in B cell abundance was observed between responders and relapsing patients at t=IDS, tumor tissue from patients who later responded well to chemotherapy exhibited more numerous and organized baseline lymphoid aggregates, possibly indicating a favorable immune contexture. Flow cytometry also pointed out a mild decrease in FcεRI+/cKit+ mast cells in peritoneal tissue from HGSOC patients. In vitro, HMC-1 cells cultured with ovarian cancer cell lines or exposed to conditioned media from the same cell lines and patient’s-derived tumor cells showed increased surface expression of the activation marker LAMP-1/CD107a, suggesting activation through both soluble and contact-dependent mechanisms. ELISA assays and further validation by immunofluorescence (IF) revealed elevated VEGF-A, but not TNF-α, production under these conditions, consistent with a potential proangiogenic role. Comparison of matched tumor samples at t=0 and t=IDS showed an increase FcεRI+/cKit+ and tryptase+ mast cells following treatment, as assessed by flow cytometry, IHC, and semi-quantitative pathological evaluation. Whether this increase reflects functional reprogramming or contributes to tumor progression or regression remains to be clarified. Overall, our findings provide preliminary novel insights into the immune landscape of HGSOC, highlighting B lymphocytes and mast cells as potential modulators and biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic response, and paving the way for future immunomodulatory strategies.
Il carcinoma sieroso ad alto grado dell’ovaio (HGSOC) è la neoplasia ginecologica più letale, con recidiva nel 75% delle pazienti nonostante una risposta iniziale alla chemioterapia a base di platino. L’assenza di biomarcatori predittivi affidabili rende la recidiva una sfida clinica. Il microambiente tumorale (TME), composto da cellule tumorali e non tumorali, incluse le immunitarie, gioca un ruolo cruciale nella progressione e nella risposta terapeutica. Tra le componenti immunitarie, linfociti B e mastociti hanno suscitato crescente interesse per i loro ruoli multifattoriali, sebbene il loro contributo nell’HGSOC sia ancora poco definito. Questo studio ha mirato a caratterizzare i fenotipi dei linfociti B e a indagare il ruolo funzionale dei mastociti nel TME dell’HGSOC. Sono state arruolate 31 pazienti e analizzate biopsie peritoneali tramite citofluorimetria, immunoistochimica e immunofluorescenza. In parallelo, sono stati esaminati campioni di sangue e condotti esperimenti in vitro con linee cellulari tumorali. È stata inoltre avviata la generazione di organoidi derivati da pazienti per test farmacologici e sistemi di cocoltura. Le analisi citofluorimetriche hanno evidenziato un arricchimento di cellule immunitarie CD45+, linfociti B CD19+ e cellule secernenti anticorpi (ASC), con una riduzione dei linfociti B CD19+CD21+ nel tessuto tumorale rispetto ai controlli sani, suggerendo differenziazione terminale ed esaurimento locale. L’analisi longitudinale di campioni appaiati prima (t=0) e dopo trattamento (t=IDS) ha mostrato un parziale recupero dei linfociti B di memoria e CD19+CD21+, indicativo di possibile riattivazione funzionale. Le pazienti recidivanti presentavano una minore infiltrazione di cellule CD45+ e linfociti B, meno ASC e una maggiore proporzione di linfociti B double negative rispetto alle responder, suggerendo una correlazione tra profili precoci e outcome clinico. L’analisi immunoistochimica ha mostrato la colocalizzazione di linfociti B e T (CD4+ e CD8+) in aggregati linfoidi sia a t=0 che a t=IDS. Sebbene non siano emerse differenze significative nell’abbondanza dei linfociti B tra i gruppi a t=IDS, le pazienti responder presentavano aggregati linfoidi basali più numerosi e organizzati, suggerendo una struttura immunitaria favorevole. La citofluorimetria ha inoltre rilevato una lieve diminuzione dei mastociti FcεRI+/cKit+ nel tessuto peritoneale. In vitro, le cellule HMC-1 esposte a linee tumorali o a mezzo condizionato hanno mostrato un aumento dell’espressione del marcatore di attivazione LAMP-1, suggerendo attivazione mediata da meccanismi solubili e da contatto. Test ELISA e immunofluorescenza hanno evidenziato una produzione elevata di VEGF-A, ma non di TNF-α, coerente con un ruolo pro-angiogenico. Il confronto tra campioni tumorali appaiati ha mostrato un aumento dei mastociti dopo trattamento, valutato tramite citofluorimetria, IHC e analisi patologica semi-quantitativa. Resta da chiarire se tale aumento rifletta una riprogrammazione funzionale o influenzi la progressione tumorale. Nel complesso, i risultati offrono nuove evidenze sul panorama immunitario dell’HGSOC, evidenziando linfociti B e mastociti come potenziali modulatori e biomarcatori della progressione e della risposta terapeutica, aprendo la strada a future strategie immunomodulatorie.
Investigating B cells and mast cells in the immune landscape of high-grade serous ovarian cancer / Eleonora Capezzali , 2026 Mar 24. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
Investigating B cells and mast cells in the immune landscape of high-grade serous ovarian cancer
CAPEZZALI, ELEONORA
2026-03-24
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with relapse occurring in ~75% of patients despite initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy. The absence of reliable predictive biomarkers makes recurrence a major clinical challenge. The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex network of malignant and non-malignant cells, including immune populations, plays a key role in tumor progression and therapeutic response. Among immune components, B lymphocytes and mast cells, have gained growing attention for their multifaceted roles in cancer biology, although their contribution to ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize B cell phenotypes and investigate the functional involvement of mast cells within the HGSOC TME. We enrolled 31 patients and analyzed peritoneal biopsies through flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. In parallel, we examined blood samples via flow cytometry and conducted in vitro experiments using cancer cell lines. To further explore therapeutic responses and cellular interactions, we initiated the generation of patient-derived organoids for drug testing and coculture systems. Flow cytometry analyses revealed an enrichment of CD45+ immune cells, CD19+ B cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), along with a reduction in CD19+CD21+ B cells in tumor tissue compared to healthy controls, suggesting terminal differentiation and local immune exhaustion of B lymphocytes. Longitudinal analysis of matched samples before (t=0) and after treatment at interval debulking surgery (t=IDS) showed a partial recovery of memory and CD19+CD21+ B cells, indicative of possible functional reactivation. Stratification of patients based on clinical response to chemotherapy revealed that relapsing individuals displayed reduced CD45+ and CD19+ B cells infiltration, fewer ASCs, and a higher proportion of double negative B cells compared to responders, suggesting that early B cell profiles may correlate with clinical outcome. Further immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of B cells and T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) showed their colocalization in lymphoid aggregates both at t=0 and t=IDS. While no consistent variation in B cell abundance was observed between responders and relapsing patients at t=IDS, tumor tissue from patients who later responded well to chemotherapy exhibited more numerous and organized baseline lymphoid aggregates, possibly indicating a favorable immune contexture. Flow cytometry also pointed out a mild decrease in FcεRI+/cKit+ mast cells in peritoneal tissue from HGSOC patients. In vitro, HMC-1 cells cultured with ovarian cancer cell lines or exposed to conditioned media from the same cell lines and patient’s-derived tumor cells showed increased surface expression of the activation marker LAMP-1/CD107a, suggesting activation through both soluble and contact-dependent mechanisms. ELISA assays and further validation by immunofluorescence (IF) revealed elevated VEGF-A, but not TNF-α, production under these conditions, consistent with a potential proangiogenic role. Comparison of matched tumor samples at t=0 and t=IDS showed an increase FcεRI+/cKit+ and tryptase+ mast cells following treatment, as assessed by flow cytometry, IHC, and semi-quantitative pathological evaluation. Whether this increase reflects functional reprogramming or contributes to tumor progression or regression remains to be clarified. Overall, our findings provide preliminary novel insights into the immune landscape of HGSOC, highlighting B lymphocytes and mast cells as potential modulators and biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic response, and paving the way for future immunomodulatory strategies.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


