The principle of the stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) lies in the different amounts of isotopes of the same element in different compounds and/or products. Among the applications of this technique, one of the most important is the one for the traceability of food products. SIRA makes it possible to obtain information about the geographical origin of different foodstuffs and about the dietary regime of the animals used to obtain products such as milk and meat, by considering the isotopes of the major bioelements, i.e., carbon (12C/13C), nitrogen (14N/15N), sulphur (32S/34S), oxygen (16O/18O) and hydrogen (1H/2H). The aim of this thesis was to apply SIRA to the study of different animal products, considering the factors that influence the isotopic ratios to better interpret the obtained results. First, the principles of SIRA and its application through elemental analysis and gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS and GC-IRMS, respectively) are described. Furthermore, the isotopic ratios of the major bioelements, as well as their factors of influence are also considered. Moreover, four scientific works on samples of animal origin (bovine fat, cheese, edible insects, different lamb matrices) are presented and discussed. The first work considered two groups of multiparous cull cows fed according to two different dietary regimes, based on products deriving from plants characterized by either C3 or C4 photosynthetic cycle. The different paths C3 and C4 plants follow for CO2 fixations result in discriminating carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C). Therefore, the ability to distinguish between animals directly comes from the isotopic differences in the feeding regimes. In this work, different cow compartments (rumen, liver and meat) lead to the diet-based discrimination of the animals. The presented results were obtained by analysing the δ13C of both the bulk lipidic extract through EA-IRMS and the single fatty acids through GC-IRMS in each compartment. Furthermore, it is worth considering that several chemical reactions resulting in isotopic fractionation (i.e., the change in the relative abundance of two isotopes of the same element during a physical or chemical process) take place in the bovine organism. On this basis, the compound-specific analysis of the fatty acids in the different compartments of the C3 cows (taken as reference group) gave the opportunity to study the fractionation processes taking place in the bovine organism, from the diet to the meat. In the second work, sulphur isotopic values of 725 casein samples were provided. The aim of the study was to discriminate between PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) Italian cheese, not PDO cheese and foreign competitors. As for the third work, the isotopic ratios of 44 samples of edible insects were discussed. The samples were either classified as farmed insects or insect-based food items. The aim of the study was to create a preliminary dataset for this novel food and to attempt to discriminate between the two mentioned categories, in order to prevent future frauds concerning these new products. Finally, the forth study was a review that aimed to collect and process, under an innovative perspective, all scientific works concerning the isotopic ratios of different lamb matrices (i.e., meat, fat, wool, plasma, erythrocytes and faeces). This work made it possible to obtain a general overview of the subject and to deepen the analysis of the factors that influence isotopic ratios in animal matrices, focusing on their diet and their geographical origin. In conclusion, in this work SIRA represents the common thread that connects four scientific works on stable isotopes of animal matrices. The obtained results are meaningful for the development of stable isotopes research, and they also have a practical use, opening to the possibility to discriminate between different typologies of animal products, and being thus useful for traceability purposes.
L’analisi dei rapporti degli isotopi stabili (SIRA), basata sulla differenza quantitativa tra isotopi dello stesso elemento in composti/sostanze, è stata utilizzata nel corso degli ultimi decenni per la tracciabilità degli alimenti. Tramite la SIRA è possibile ottenere informazioni sull’origine geografica dei prodotti e sul tipo di dieta somministrata agli animali da cui tali prodotti derivano. Nella presente tesi vengono esposti i principi su cui si basa la SIRA e le tecniche tramite cui viene effettuata, in particolar modo l’analisi elementare e la gascromatografia accoppiate alla spettrometria di massa isotopica (EA-IRMS e GC-IRMS, rispettivamente). Vengono inoltre descritti i fattori che influenzano i principali bioelementi, quali carbonio (12C/13C), azoto (14N/15N), zolfo (32S/34S), ossigeno (16O/18O) ed idrogeno (1H/2H). Infine, vengono presentati quattro lavori scientifici in cui sono stati analizzati i rapporti isotopici di campioni di origine animale (grasso bovino, formaggio, insetti commestibili e diverse matrici di agnello). Nel primo lavoro sono stati considerati due gruppi di vacche alimentate con piante a ciclo fotosintetico C3 e C4. La diversa modalità di fissazione della CO2 durante la fotosintesi fa sì che le piante C3 e C4 abbiano valori isotopici del carbonio (δ13C) distinguibili tra loro. Tale differenza nella dieta si trasmette alle matrici dell’animale. I δ13C dei diversi comparti della vacca (rumine, fegato e carne) hanno permesso di distinguere gli animali in base al tipo di dieta. Tale discriminazione è stata ottenuta sia grazie all’analisi degli estratti lipidici tramite EA-IRMS, sia grazie all’analisi composto-specifica tramite GC-IRMS, valutando i δ13C dei singoli acidi grassi nei diversi compartimenti. Inoltre, è da considerarsi che all’interno dell’organismo bovino avvengono reazioni chimiche che comportano processi di frazionamento isotopico (ossia la predilezione, da parte di una particolare reazione, di un isotopo rispetto ad un altro). Pertanto, tramite analisi composto-specifica dei singoli acidi grassi nelle vacche del gruppo C3, prese come campione di riferimento, è stato possibile effettuare delle considerazioni sul percorso metabolico di tali composti. Nel secondo studio sono stati presi in considerazioni i valori isotopici dello zolfo (δ34S) di 725 campioni di caseina per distinguere i formaggi appartenenti a DOP italiane da prodotti nazionali senza DOP o da formaggi a pasta dura di competitori esteri. Nel terzo lavoro sono stati invece misurati i rapporti isotopici di 44 campioni di insetti commestibili, divisi in insetti da allevamento e prodotti commerciali a base di insetti. L’analisi isotopica ha permesso di creare un primo set di valori di riferimento per questo novel food. È stata inoltre valutata la possibilità di discriminare tra insetti da allevamento e prodotti commerciali, in modo da fornire un primo strumento contro eventuali frodi alimentari. Il quarto studio, infine, rappresenta un lavoro compilativo che raccoglie e ripropone tutto il materiale disponibile in letteratura riguardante l’analisi isotopica di diverse matrici di agnello (carne, grasso, lana, plasma, eritrociti e feci). Lo studio ha permesso di avere un quadro generale dell’argomento trattato e di approfondire l’analisi dei fattori che influenzano i valori isotopici delle matrici animali, focalizzando in particolar modo l’attenzione sulla dieta degli animali e sulla loro origine geografica. Nella presente tesi, in conclusione, l’analisi degli isotopi stabili rappresenta il filo comune che unisce quattro lavori riguardanti campioni di origine animale. I risultati ottenuti sono non solo significativi per lo sviluppo della ricerca dell'analisi isotopica, ma anche validi da un punto di vista pratico, aprendo alla possibilità di discriminare campioni di tipologie diverse e di poter essere utilizzati, pertanto, nell’ambito della tracciabilità dei prodotti.
Analisi degli isotopi stabili nello studio di matrici animali / Silvia Pianezze , 2022 Jul 04. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.
Analisi degli isotopi stabili nello studio di matrici animali
PIANEZZE, SILVIA
2022-07-04
Abstract
The principle of the stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) lies in the different amounts of isotopes of the same element in different compounds and/or products. Among the applications of this technique, one of the most important is the one for the traceability of food products. SIRA makes it possible to obtain information about the geographical origin of different foodstuffs and about the dietary regime of the animals used to obtain products such as milk and meat, by considering the isotopes of the major bioelements, i.e., carbon (12C/13C), nitrogen (14N/15N), sulphur (32S/34S), oxygen (16O/18O) and hydrogen (1H/2H). The aim of this thesis was to apply SIRA to the study of different animal products, considering the factors that influence the isotopic ratios to better interpret the obtained results. First, the principles of SIRA and its application through elemental analysis and gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS and GC-IRMS, respectively) are described. Furthermore, the isotopic ratios of the major bioelements, as well as their factors of influence are also considered. Moreover, four scientific works on samples of animal origin (bovine fat, cheese, edible insects, different lamb matrices) are presented and discussed. The first work considered two groups of multiparous cull cows fed according to two different dietary regimes, based on products deriving from plants characterized by either C3 or C4 photosynthetic cycle. The different paths C3 and C4 plants follow for CO2 fixations result in discriminating carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C). Therefore, the ability to distinguish between animals directly comes from the isotopic differences in the feeding regimes. In this work, different cow compartments (rumen, liver and meat) lead to the diet-based discrimination of the animals. The presented results were obtained by analysing the δ13C of both the bulk lipidic extract through EA-IRMS and the single fatty acids through GC-IRMS in each compartment. Furthermore, it is worth considering that several chemical reactions resulting in isotopic fractionation (i.e., the change in the relative abundance of two isotopes of the same element during a physical or chemical process) take place in the bovine organism. On this basis, the compound-specific analysis of the fatty acids in the different compartments of the C3 cows (taken as reference group) gave the opportunity to study the fractionation processes taking place in the bovine organism, from the diet to the meat. In the second work, sulphur isotopic values of 725 casein samples were provided. The aim of the study was to discriminate between PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) Italian cheese, not PDO cheese and foreign competitors. As for the third work, the isotopic ratios of 44 samples of edible insects were discussed. The samples were either classified as farmed insects or insect-based food items. The aim of the study was to create a preliminary dataset for this novel food and to attempt to discriminate between the two mentioned categories, in order to prevent future frauds concerning these new products. Finally, the forth study was a review that aimed to collect and process, under an innovative perspective, all scientific works concerning the isotopic ratios of different lamb matrices (i.e., meat, fat, wool, plasma, erythrocytes and faeces). This work made it possible to obtain a general overview of the subject and to deepen the analysis of the factors that influence isotopic ratios in animal matrices, focusing on their diet and their geographical origin. In conclusion, in this work SIRA represents the common thread that connects four scientific works on stable isotopes of animal matrices. The obtained results are meaningful for the development of stable isotopes research, and they also have a practical use, opening to the possibility to discriminate between different typologies of animal products, and being thus useful for traceability purposes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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