Prognostic factors in epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (Jeavons syndrome)

Purpose: To describe the prognostic factors of drug resistance in 40 patients with epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia or Jeavons syndrome. Method: Retrospective analysis from two French tertiary centers. Results: Forty patients were enrolled (31 females and 9 males; mean age at epilepsy onset: 6.2 ± 3.4 years [range: 1–15 years]). Half of the patients (20/40) achieved at least a one-year remission from all seizure types. In the responders, seizure freedom was achieved after a mean 13.85 ± 13.43 years from the onset of epilepsy (range: 1–44). The presence of intellectual disability and an earlier onset of the disease (≤ 5 years) were the most powerful predictors of poor seizure control (P = 0.003 and P = 0.005, respectively). When considering the age of onset, patients with early-onset seizures (≤ 5 years) presented more frequently with intellectual disabilities, psychiatric comorbidities, absences, and a major risk of refractoriness (70% versus 30%, P = 0.01) than patients with onset after 5 years. At the last follow-up, 15 patients (37.5%) were taking a single drug, 16 (40%) were taking two, and seven (17.5%) were taking more than two. The most frequent drugs were valproate (23/40, 57.7%), followed by levetiracetam (16/40, 40%), and lamotrigine (14/40, 35%). Conclusion: Patients with Jeavons syndrome present a high rate of pharmaco-resistance with the need for long-term treatment. Early onset of epilepsy and the presence of intellectual disability appeared to be the most relevant predictors of poor seizure control, suggesting the use of genetic tests to individualize specific etiologies and perhaps adapt the therapeutic strategy.