The wild bootstrap for multilevel models

In this paper we study the performance of the most popular bootstrap schemes for multilevel data. Also, we propose a modied version of the wild bootstrap procedure for hierarchical data structures. The wild bootstrap does not require homoscedasticity or assumptions on the distribution of the error processes. Hence, it is a valuable tool for robust inference in a multilevel framework. We assess the nite size performances of the schemes through a Monte Carlo study. The results show that for big sample sizes it always pays o to adopt an agnostic approach as the wild bootstrap outperforms other techniques.