Singular cardinals through the lens of Shelah's pcf theory and Prikry-type forcings

The development of the forcing method has shown that several key questions regarding infinite sets cannot be settled under ZFC alone. The most widely supported view is that this undecidability simply reflects the limitations of ZFC in addressing all mathematical problems. This perspective has motivated an extensive search for new axioms - the so-called large cardinal axioms - which, when added to ZFC, yield a deeper and more robust understanding of the set-theoretic universe. Along this line, the dissertation is divided into three thematic blocks, each of them framed within these extensions of ZFC: (I) Very large cardinals at the threshold of Kunen inconsistency, with a focus on elementarity and cardinal correctness (Chapter 2). (II) Generalized Descriptive Set Theory at singular strong limit cardinals of countable cofinality, with a focus on two regularity properties (Chapter 3). (III) Covering lemmas and Woodin's HOD Dichotomy in the lens of Shelah's pcf theory (Chapter 4). Specifically, Chapter 2 establishes an inconsistency result using tools from singular cardinal combinatorics and Shelah's pcf theory, proving the nonexistence of cardinal preserving elementary embeddings into V and establishing thereby a limitation in the hierarchy of large cardinal axioms. The proof is based on the notion of good scales and its connection with Jónsson cardinals. Chapter 3 proves a consistency result obtained via a Prikry-type forcing construction, providing a singular-cardinal analogue of Solovay's theorem. This thematic block is inspired by Woodin's Axiom I0 which provides the appropriate axiomatic framework to develop Generalized Descriptive Set Theory in generalized Baire/Cantor spaces at singular cardinals. Chapter 4 further explores the study of "covering lemmas" and Woodin's HOD dichotomy, employing both the perspective and the tools of pcf theory. Concretely, the connection between the cover property and a new pcf-theoretic concept - called the scale property - is analyzed.