The Gut Microbiome as a Possible Mediator in Autoimmunity and Cardiovascular Disease: Shared Pathways and Therapeutic Implications

This review explores the emerging role of the gut microbiome in bridging autoimmunity and cardiovascular diseases. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbial composition, disrupts immune regulation, metabolic pathways, and vascular health, likely contributing to both autoimmune disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan derivatives, and bile acids, play critical roles in modulating inflammation, lipid metabolism, and endothelial function. Specific bacterial species, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bifidobacterium species., exhibit dual protective effects against autoimmune and cardiovascular pathologies. By elucidating these interconnected mechanisms, this work highlights the potential of microbiome-targeted therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions, to concurrently address autoimmune diseases and reduce cardiovascular risk. Understanding the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, immune system, and cardiovascular health opens new avenues for developing innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring microbial balance and improving patient outcomes.