Inflammatory myocardial and pericardial syndromes (IMPS), including myocarditis, pericarditis, and overlapping myopericardial syndromes, constitute a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated cardiac disorders with clinical trajectories ranging from complete recovery to progressive heart failure and sudden death. This state-of-the-art review synthesizes current insights into immunopathogenesis, emphasizing the interplay among genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and systemic inflammatory drivers, including rheumatological diseases. A pragmatic diagnostic framework is presented; it integrates targeted serological evaluation, genetic testing, multimodality imaging, and selective endomyocardial biopsy to enable precise etiologic classification. Therapeutic strategies are examined across the spectrum of disease severity, including guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure, immunosuppression for autoimmune and fulminant phenotypes, and cytokine-directed biologics for recurrent pericarditis. Prognostic determinants, indications for advanced heart failure therapies, and emerging directions in precision immunology, molecular profiling, and AI-enabled risk stratification are discussed to guide future clinical and translational advances.
Navigating the Spectrum of Inflammatory Myocardial and Pericardial Syndromes: A Contemporary Approach to Diagnosis and Management
IMAZIO M.;
2026-01-01
Abstract
Inflammatory myocardial and pericardial syndromes (IMPS), including myocarditis, pericarditis, and overlapping myopericardial syndromes, constitute a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated cardiac disorders with clinical trajectories ranging from complete recovery to progressive heart failure and sudden death. This state-of-the-art review synthesizes current insights into immunopathogenesis, emphasizing the interplay among genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and systemic inflammatory drivers, including rheumatological diseases. A pragmatic diagnostic framework is presented; it integrates targeted serological evaluation, genetic testing, multimodality imaging, and selective endomyocardial biopsy to enable precise etiologic classification. Therapeutic strategies are examined across the spectrum of disease severity, including guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure, immunosuppression for autoimmune and fulminant phenotypes, and cytokine-directed biologics for recurrent pericarditis. Prognostic determinants, indications for advanced heart failure therapies, and emerging directions in precision immunology, molecular profiling, and AI-enabled risk stratification are discussed to guide future clinical and translational advances.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
