“CD34+ selected versus un-manipulated autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeoloma: impact on dendritic and immune recovery and on complications due to infections”.

Background: Large-scale CD34+ enrichment has been demonstrated a safe method in autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. However, the high CD34+ enrichment and the consequent plasma cell purging result in concomitant T-cell and dendritic-cell (DC) depletion, theoretically increasing the risk of life-threatening infections. Patients and methods: We evaluated immunological and dendritic reconstitution in 72 myeloma patients who had undergone CD34+-selected (n = 45) and unmanipulated (n = 27) stem cell transplant, and its correlation with infections. Results: Haematological recovery occurred promptly in all patients. Only a slight delay in platelet recovery to >50 × 109/l was observed in patients receiving CD34+-enriched graft. Natural killer (NK) cell count recovered in all patients within 2 months and B-cell count had recovered by 6 months post-transplant in both groups. CD3 cells remained lower than normal in both groups. CD8 cells increased above the normal level, reaching a peak at day 90, and lowered to normal level within 1 year post-transplant. CD4 lymphocytes remained <50% of normal, especially in selected patients. In both groups, both DC1 and DC2 counts were already significantly lower than in normal individuals before conditioning therapy. Pre-conditioning levels of DC1 were reached in unmanipulated patients at day 30 and became normal at 6 months. In selected patients, DC1 pre-transplant level was observed at day 60 and was maintained thereafter. DC2 recovery showed a similar trend. In unselected patients, DC2 count increased to pre-conditioning level at haematological recovery and was normal after 1 year. In selected transplants, DC2 increased more slowly than DC1 in the same patients: pre-transplant level was detected at day 90 but was still significantly lower than normal 1 year after transplant. The incidence of infection was similar in both groups. Sepsis had Gram+ aetiology in the majority of cases. After engraftment only viral infections were recorded, mostly due to herpes reactivation, with no difference between groups. Discussion: In spite of a delay in immune recovery, CD34 enrichment is not associated with a significant increase of complications due to infection. Relatively fast NK cell recovery to pre-transplant levels and the presence of functionally efficient DCs can justify the low incidence of infections.