Metallophytes and thallium hyperaccumulation at the former Raibl lead/zinc mining site (Julian Alps, Italy)

An ecological survey of metallophytes belonging to the Thlaspietum cepaeifolii plant community was carried out at the former Raibl lead and zinc mining site (Julian Alps, Italy). The aims of this work were to evaluate metal hyperaccumulation and to determine whether it was restricted to a single element or, instead, involved multiple elements. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Tl and Zn were measured in specimens of Alyssum wulfenianum, Biscutella laevigata subsp. laevigata, Minuartia verna and Thlaspi rotundifolium subsp. cepaeifolium collected from native and mining soils, mine tailings and stream banks. Cadmium hyperaccumulation was not demonstrated, whereas in the case of Pb and Zn contradictory results were obtained. Thallium hyperaccumulation was strongly confirmed in B. laevigata subsp. laevigata (up to 32,661 mg kg71 of Tl in shoots and bioconcentration factor41). Surprisingly, this was also discovered in A. wulfenianum and M. verna (up to 1934 and 3632 mg kg71 of Tl in shoots, respectively, and bioconcentration factor41). Multiple metal hyperaccumulation was verified in B. laevigata subsp. laevigata (Pb and Tl), M. verna and T. rotundifolium subsp. cepaeifolium (Pb, Tl, and Zn) although it could not be confirmed in any of these species when coefficients calculated on shoot concentration of the elements were considered.