Elementary derivation of the Nyquist criterion for fractional-order feedback systems

It is shown that the classic Nyquist criterion can be extended in a straightforward way to feedback systems of fractional order. The proof of this extension merely requires basic notions of vector analysis and of closed-loop system transfer functions. The criterion can be used not only to ascertain the stability of a fractional-order system but also to detect the presence of closed-loop poles inside any given sector of the comple plane. The test is finally applied to three examples of didactic value.