The role of absolute space in Newton's physics.

In this paper, we examine Newton’s concept of absolute space. We aim at clarifying: (1) the reasons that led Newton to introduce this notion; (2) the arguments he used to justify its existence; (3) the relationship between absolute space and the principle of inertia; and (4) the role of absolute space within Newtonian physics. We then analyse the criticisms raised by Leibniz and Mach, focusing on their specific arguments rather than their broader philosophical frameworks, due to the space limitations of this article. We conclude by discussing Einstein’s views, particularly how his theory of relativity ultimately ruled out the existence of absolute space and time. Nevertheless, we argue that in the context of Newtonian physics, the concept of absolute space was not at all absurd, even if it presented certain conceptual difficulties. The paper ends with an appendix highlighting noteworthy annotations from the editors of the Geneva Edition to Proposition XIX of the third book of Newton’s Principia.