Volatile profile of Croatian lime Tree (Tilia sp.), Fir Honeydew (Abies alba) and sage (Salvia officinalis) honey

Volatile profiles of lime tree (Tilia sp.), fir honeydew (Abies alba) and sage (Salvia offici- nalis) honey produced in Croatia have been studied by using headspace solid phase micro- extraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) anal- ysis. Melissopalynological and sensory characterization have been performed in order to check the reliability of botanical origin of the samples. In case of sage honey, sensory char- acteristics are reported for the first time and are rather uniform including: colour charac- terized as beige to jade, depending on the consistency; odour characterized as between light and medium intensity, slightly pungent and wooden; taste characterized as low sweet- ness, expressive acidity and apple caramel, with persistent fruity aftertaste. Characteristic volatile profiles of the analyzed honeys are described. Taking into consideration similari- ties with lime and fir honey volatile profiles reported in literature, characteristic volatile compounds resulting from qualitative data evaluation are proposed. Sage honey volatile profile has been reported for the first time and it was found quite different compared to the other studied honeys showing the lowest number of peaks among the studied honeys, 34. Several compounds belonging to the sage honey volatile profile have been identified for the first time in honeys. They include tetrahydro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylfuran, 3-hexenyl es- ter of butanoic acid, 2-methylbenzene, maltol, methyl ester of 3-furanocarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid. Based on the obtained results and with the lack of comparative litera- ture data, they are proposed as characteristic volatiles for the volatile pattern of sage honey.